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//Subtitles
00:00:00:00,00:00:04:19,4. Kutoka Fedha Hadi Silikoni
00:00:05:20,00:00:09:00,Miaka 400 iliyopita, wakati Galileo Galilei alipotaka kuwaonyesha wengine kile alicho
00:00:09:02,00:00:13:00,alichokiona kwa darubini yake, ilibidi achore michoro.
00:00:13:02,00:00:16:06,Uso kidudusi wa Mwezi.
00:00:16:08,00:00:20:10,Michezo ya miezi ya Mshtarii.
00:00:20:12,00:00:22:04,Madoa meusi katika Jua
00:00:22:06,00:00:24:04,Au nyota katika kundi la Orion.
00:00:24:06,00:00:26:18,Aliichukua michoro yake na kuichapisha katika kitabu kidogo
00:00:26:18,00:00:28:10,Mjumbe wa Nyota.
00:00:28:10,00:00:30:20,Hiyo ndiyo ilikuwa njia pekee ambayo ingemwezesha kueneza ugunduzi wake.
00:00:30:22,00:00:32:10,kwa wengine.
00:00:32:10,00:00:36:16,Kwa muda wa karne mbili, wanaastronomia pia walipaswa kuwa wasanii.
00:00:36:18,00:00:39:00,Kuchungulia kwa makini kwa macho ya darubini yao, walifanya
00:00:39:02,00:00:40:24,michoro makini ya kile walichokiona.
00:00:41:00,00:00:43:02,Mandhari iliyo tupu katika Mwezi.
00:00:43:04,00:00:45:24,Dhoruba kwenye angahewa la Mshtarii.
00:00:46:00,00:00:49:00,Utando mwembamba wa gesi kwenye masafa ya mawingu ya mbali angni.
00:00:49:02,00:00:52:08,Na wakati mwingine walitafsiri mno kile walichokiona.
00:00:52:10,00:00:56:14,Vitu vya mistari myensi kwenye uso wa Meriki vilifikiriwa kuwa mifereji
00:00:56:16,00:00:59:22,kudokeza kuna maisha ya kiustaarabu kwenye uso wa sayari nyekundu hiyo ya Meriki.
00:00:59:24,00:01:03:12,Sasa tunajua kuwa mifereji hiyo ilikuwa mazingaombwe.
00:01:03:14,00:01:07:04,Walichokihitaji hasa wanaastronomia kilikuwa ni njia sahihi ya kuandika maelezo
00:01:07:06,00:01:11:12,mwanga uliokusanywa na darubini bila aridhio kulazimika kwanza 
00:01:11:12,00:01:14:12,kupitia katika akili zao na kalamu zao za kuchorea.
00:01:14:14,00:01:17:10,Picha za kamera zikaja kusaidia.
00:01:18:18,00:01:21:04,Aina moja ya picha ya kwanza ya Mwezi
00:01:21:04,00:01:23:22,Ilipigwa mwaka 1940 na Henry Draper.
00:01:23:22,00:01:27:06,Upigaji picha ulikuwa na umri wa chini ya miaka 15, lakini wanaastronomia	
00:01:27:08,00:01:30:22,tayari walishika uwezekano huu wa kimapinduzi.	
00:01:30:22,00:01:33:02,Kwa hiyo upigaji picha ulifanya kazi vipi?
00:01:33:02,00:01:37:04,Enezi ororo ya sahani yapicha ilikuwa na.
00:01:37:06,00:01:39:10,chembe ndogo za halidi ya fedha.
00:01:39:10,00:01:42:04,Ziache katika mwanga na zitageuka kuwa nyeusi.
00:01:42:04,00:01:44:20,Kwa hiyo matokeo yalikuwa taswira hasi ya anga	
00:01:44:22,00:01:48:02,Kuwa na nyota nyeusi kwenye kinyume iliyo na mwanga.	
00:01:48:04,00:01:51:14,Lakini zawadi halisi ilikuwa kwamba sahani za picha zinaweza
00:01:51:16,00:01:53:24,kuachwa kwa masaa kadaa wa kadhaa.
00:01:54:00,00:01:56:18,Wakati macho yako mwenyewe yanapokea anga la usiku.
00:01:56:18,00:01:59:16,pindi yatakapozoea giza, huwezi kuendelea kuona nyot zaidi na zaidi.
00:01:59:16,00:02:02:08,kwa kuangalia tu kwa muda mrefu.
00:02:02:10,00:02:05:06,Lakini kwa sahani ya picha inaweza kufanya hivyo.
00:02:05:08,00:02:08:12,Unaweza kuchukua na kuongeza mwanga kwa masaa mengi.
00:02:08:14,00:02:12:22,Kwa hiyo muda mrefu unaonyesha nyota nyingi zaidi.
00:02:12:22,00:02:14:04,Na zaidi.	
00:02:14:04,00:02:15:06,Na zaidi.
00:02:15:08,00:02:17:08,Na hata zaidi.
00:02:18:08,00:02:22:00,Katika miaka ya 1950, darubini ya Schmidt kwenye Kituo cha Palomar.
00:02:22:02,00:02:25:04,ilitumiwa kupiga picha anga lote la Kaskazini.
00:02:25:06,00:02:30:02,Takriban sahani 2000 za picha, kila moja iliachwa kwa karibu saa nzima.
00:02:30:02,00:02:32:24,Dafina isiyo na kifani iligunduliwa.
00:02:32:24,00:02:37:02,Upigaji picha ulibadili astronomia ya kuangalia kuwa sayansi ya kweli.
00:02:37:04,00:02:41:12,Halisi, yenye kupimika, na inayoweza kurudiwa.
00:02:41:14,00:02:43:06,Lakini fedha katika sahani za picha ilifanaya kazi pole pole.
00:02:43:06,00:02:45:12,Ulitakiwa kuwa mvumilivu.
00:02:47:02,00:02:49:22,Mapinduzi ya tarakimu yamebadili yote haya.
00:02:49:22,00:02:51:16,Silikoni ilipokea fedha.
00:02:51:18,00:02:54:12,Taswira ndogo katika skrini ya kompyuta imepoke chembe za fedha.
00:02:56:08,00:03:00:00,Hata katika kamera za kisasa, hatutumii tena filamu za picha.
00:03:00:02,00:03:03:14,Badala yake, taswira zinarekodiwa kwenye chenga ya kifadhi-mwanga makini.
00:03:03:14,00:03:07:20,kifaa cha muungano wa chaji (charge coupled device), au CCD kwa ufupi.
00:03:07:22,00:03:11:14,CCD za kitaalamu ni bora sana.
00:03:11:16,00:03:14:16,Na kuvifanya hata kuwa makini zaidi, vinepozwa.
00:03:14:16,00:03:17:24,baridi zaidi ya barfu, kwa kutumia naitrojeni ya kimiminika.
00:03:18:00,00:03:20:18,Karibu kila fotoni inanaswa.
00:03:20:18,00:03:25:16,Matokeo yake, muda wa kukusanya naweza kuwa mfupi sana.
00:03:25:18,00:03:29:12,Kile ambacho Wachunguzi wa Kituo cha Anga cha Palomar walikipata katika saa moja
00:03:29:14,00:03:33:04,CCD inaweza sasa kufanya kwa dakika chache tu.
00:03:33:04,00:03:35:14,Kwa kutumia darubini ndogo zaidi.
00:03:35:14,00:03:38:02,Mapinduzi ya silikoni yako mbali na kumalizika.
00:03:38:04,00:03:41:02,Wanaastronomia wametengeneza kamera kubwa za CCD zikiwa na.	
00:03:41:04,00:03:43:14,mamilioni ya mamia ya taswira ndogo katika skrini ya kompyuta.
00:03:43:14,00:03:46:08,Na yako mengi zaidi yanakuja.
00:03:48:02,00:03:52:14,Faida kubwa ya taswira ya tarakimu ni kuwa tarakimu.
00:03:52:14,00:03:55:20,Tarakimu zote zimepangwa na viko tayari kufanyiwa kazi kwa kompyuta.
00:03:55:20,00:03:58:20,Wanaastronomia wanatumia programu maalumu ya kompyuta kuchakata.
00:03:58:20,00:04:00:22,uchunguzi wa kuangaliaji anga.
00:04:00:22,00:04:05:02,Kuongeza, kupanuka, au kusinyaa, huotoa vitu visivyodhahiri
00:04:05:04,00:04:07:16,katika wingu la anga za juu, au kundi la nyota.
00:04:07:18,00:04:11:06,Ishara za rangi zimeimarisha na kuleta miundo ambayo
00:04:11:06,00:04:13:16,vinginevyo ingekuwa vigumu kuona.
00:04:13:16,00:04:17:22,Vilevile, kwa kuweka pamoja taswira nyingi ya kitu kilekile ambazo
00:04:17:22,00:04:20:10,zilichukuliwa kwa vichujio vya rangi tofauti, mtu anaweza
00:04:20:12,00:04:24:08,kupata mchanganyiko wa kustaajabisha ambao huondoa mipaka
00:04:24:10,00:04:26:18,kati ya sayansi na sanaa.
00:04:26:20,00:04:29:22,Wewe pia unaweza kufaidika kutokana na astronomia ya tarakimu.
00:04:29:24,00:04:33:24,Haijawahi kuwa rahisi kuchimba na kufaidi maajabu ya
00:04:33:24,00:04:35:20,taswira za Ulimwengu.
00:04:35:22,00:04:40:02,Picha za Ulimwengu ni ubofyaji wa mtandao tu!
00:04:40:16,00:04:44:04,Darubini za kiroboti, zenye vyombo makini vya elektroniki vya ugunduzi.
00:04:44:06,00:04:47:20,vinaangalia anga lote, sasa hivi.
00:04:47:22,00:04:50:22,Darubini ya Sloan nchini New Mexico imetoa picha na.
00:04:50:24,00:04:54:00,kuorodhesha vitu zaidi ya milioni mia moja vya mbinguni .
00:04:54:02,00:04:58:04,kupima umbali wa mamilioni ya galaksi, na kugundua.
00:04:58:06,00:05:01:12,“quasars” laki moja zinazotoa mwanga wa redio.
00:05:01:12,00:05:04:00,Lakini utafiti mmoja hautoshi.
00:05:04:02,00:05:07:10,Ulimwengu ni sehemu inayobadilika.
00:05:07:12,00:05:11:06,Vimondo vya barafu vinakuja na kuondoka, vikiacha vifusi vilivyotawanyika
00:05:11:06,00:05:13:16,katika njia yake.
00:05:13:18,00:05:16:18,Sayari ndogo zinatupita kwa kasi.
00:05:16:20,00:05:20:14,Sayari zilizo mbali zinazunguka nyota mama zao,
00:05:20:16,00:05:22:22,zikiziba kwa muda, sehemu ya mwanga wa nyota.
00:05:22:24,00:05:28:20,Nova Kjuu hulipuka, wakati kila mahali nyota mpya zinazaliwa.
00:05:28:20,00:05:37:24,Mwanga wa Pulsar, miale ya gamma inalipukaShimo la Mwanga unanyonya mashimo meusi.
00:05:38:00,00:05:41:18,Kuashiria matukio haya kuu ya Asili, wanaastronomia
00:05:41:20,00:05:45:06,wanataka kufanya uchunguzi wa anga lote kila mwaka.
00:05:45:08,00:05:46:21,Au kila mwezi.
00:05:46:22,00:05:48:16,Au mara mbili kwa wiki.	
00:05:48:16,00:05:53:20,Angalau hilo ni kusudi kuu la Utafiti Mkubwa wa Vidokezo vya Darubini.
00:05:53:22,00:05:59:10,Iwapo utamalizika mwaka 2015, kamera zake tatu za gigapixel zitafungua
00:05:59:10,00:06:02:02,dirisha la webcan Ulimwenguni.
00:06:02:04,00:06:05:24,Zaidi ya kukidhi ndoto za wanaastronomia, hili linaashiria darubini
00:06:06:00,00:06:11:02,zitapiga picha karibu anga lote kila usiku tatu.