//Font select and font size $FontName = Arial $FontSize = 30 //Character attributes (global) $Bold = FALSE $UnderLined = FALSE $Italic = FALSE //Position Control $HorzAlign = Center $VertAlign = Bottom $XOffset = 0 $YOffset = 0 //Contrast Control $TextContrast = 15 $Outline1Contrast = 8 $Outline2Contrast = 15 $BackgroundContrast = 0 //Effects Control $ForceDisplay = FALSE $FadeIn = 0 $FadeOut = 0 //Other Controls $TapeOffset = FALSE //$SetFilePathToken = <<:>> //Subtitles 00:00:05:05,00:00:08:20,Kwa kuchukua mwango wa uono ambao ni mbali na mawazo ya mababu zetu, 00:00:08:21,00:00:13:05,mitambo hii ya kitaalamu, darubini, inafungua njia ya kina na ya 00:00:13:06,00:00:17:06,uhakika wa kuelewa asili yetu- René Descartes, 1637 00:00:17:17,00:00:22:13,Kwa milenia na milenia binadamu alikuwa akizichunguza anga wakati wa usiku, wakati wa giza totoro. 00:00:22:14,00:00:28:08,bila kutambua nyota za galaxi yetu ya Njia ya Nyota (Milk Way galaxy) kama aina nyingine za jua. 00:00:28:09,00:00:33:10,au mabilioni ya “galaxi” ambazo huchangia katika Ulimwengu wetu 00:00:35:10,00:00:38:19,Au, kwani sisi ni vituo tu katika ulimwengu huu? 00:00:38:20,00:00:42:12,Ni hadithi ndefu ya mabilioni 13.7 ya miaka. 00:00:42:13,00:00:46:02,Tukiwa na macho yetu kama vifaa vya uchunguzi hatukuwa na njia nyingine ya. 00:00:46:03,00:00:50:03,kugundua mifumo ya sayari na jua kati ya nyota zingine au katika kudhihirisha. 00:00:50:04,00:00:55:00,kama kuna maisha nje ya ulimwmengu huu 00:00:58:01,00:01:00:08,Leo hii tuko katika njia ya kuweka wazi mengi ya 00:01:00:09,00:01:03:13,maajabu ya Ulimwengu, tukiishi kaitka muda wa ajabu sana 00:01:03:14,00:01:05:23,wa ugunduzi wa kiastronomia 00:01:05:24,00:01:08:24,Mimi ni DktJ na nitawaongoza katika maswala ya darubini - 00:01:09:00,00:01:11:21,chombo cha ajabu ambacho kilimsaidia binadamu katika kufungua. 00:01:11:22,00:01:15:12,mlango wa kuuelewa Ulimwengu. 00:01:17:22,00:01:21:21,MACHO ANGANI - Miaka 400 ya Uvumbuzi kwa Darubini 00:01:22:03,00:01:26:23,1. Mandhari mpya ya anga 00:01:28:24,00:01:32:03,Karne nne zilizopita, yaani mwaka 1609, mtu mmoja alitoka nje 00:01:32:04,00:01:34:15,katika mashamba yanayozunguka nyumba yake. 00:01:34:16,00:01:39:00,Alielekeza darubini yake duni katika mwezi, sayari na nyota. 00:01:39:00,00:01:42:14,Jina lake lilikuwa Galileo Galilei. 00:01:43:25,00:01:47:07,Na taaluma ya astronomia ikabadilika kabisa. 00:02:07:10,00:02:12:10,Leo, baada ya miaka 400 tangu Galileo aelekeze darubini yake angani 00:02:12:14,00:02:18:07,Wanaastronomia wanatumia vioo kabambe katika vilele vya milima kuchunguza anga. 00:02:18:08,00:02:23:12,Darubini za redio zinakusanya milio hafifu na minong’ono kutoka anga za mbali. 00:02:23:13,00:02:27:16,Wanasayansi wametuma darubini katika anga za mbali 00:02:27:16,00:02:31:23,juu ya vurugu za angahewa ya dunia yetu. 00:02:33:10,00:02:38:16,na mandahari imekuwa ni yakustaajabisha! 00:02:42:23,00:02:46:15,Hata hivyo Galileo, kusema kweli, hakugundua darubini. 00:02:46:16,00:02:49:18,Sifa hiyo inaelekwenda kwa Hans Lipperhey 00:02:49:19,00:02:53:10,Mdachi ambaye hakuwamashuhuri aliyejishughulisha na utengenezaji wa miwani 00:02:53:11,00:02:57:21,Lakini Hans Lipperhey hakuwahi kutumia darubini hiyo katika kuchunguza nyota. 00:02:57:22,00:03:00:20,Ila alifikiria kwamba ugunduzi wake huu ungesaidia zaidi. 00:03:00:21,00:03:03:15,mabaharia na wanjeshi. 00:03:03:18,00:03:07:06,Lipperhey alitoka katika mji mkubwa wa kibiashara ujulikanao kama Middelburg. 00:03:07:06,00:03:10:11,katika nchi iliyoshamiri ya Jamhuri ya Udachi 00:03:13:24,00:03:18:01,Katika mwaka 1608, Lipperhey aligundua kwamba wakati akiangalia vitu vilivyo mbali kwa 00:03:18:02,00:03:24:00,kwa kutumia lensi mbinuo(convex) na lens mbinuko (concave), kitu kinaweza kukuzwa, kama 00:03:24:01,00:03:29:15,lensi mbili zinawekwa katika umbali mwafaka kutoka lensi moja hadi nyingine. 00:03:29:15,00:03:33:19,Na Darubini ilizaliwa! 00:03:33:20,00:03:37:12,Katika Septemba ya 1608, Lipperhey alitangaza ugunduzi wake kwa 00:03:37:13,00:03:39:21,Prince Maurits wa Uholanzi 00:03:39:22,00:03:42:20,Asingeweza kuchagua wakati muafaka zaidi kwa sababu 00:03:42:21,00:03:45:21,wakati huo Uholanzi walikuwa katika migombano. 00:03:45:22,00:03:49:08,ya vita vya miaka 80 na Hispania 00:03:55:07,00:03:59:02,Darubini mpya hii ya kujasusi ilikuwa na uwezo wa kukuza vitu na kuonyesha. 00:03:59:02,00:04:02:07,meli za maadui yaliyo mbali mno kuonekana. 00:04:02:08,00:04:04:09,na macho pekee. 00:04:04:10,00:04:07:11,Ugunduzi wenye faida sana! 00:04:07:12,00:04:12:00,Hata hivyo serikali ya Udachi haikutambua ugunduzi wa Lipperhey na haikumpa haki milki kwa ugunduzi wa darubini. 00:04:12:00,00:04:15:10,Sababu yake ni kwamba wafanyabiashara wengine walidai kuwa ndio walioigundua. 00:04:15:10,00:04:19:05,hasa mshindani wa Lipperhey, Sacharias Jensen. 00:04:19:06,00:04:21:12,Ugomvi huo haujamalizika hadi leo. 00:04:21:13,00:04:27:22,Mpaka leo hii suala la ugunduzi wa darubini limebaki kitendawili. 00:04:28:21,00:04:32:17,Mwnaastronomia mtaliano, Galileo Galilei, muasisi wa fizikia ya kisasa 00:04:32:18,00:04:37:15,alisikia kuhusu ugunduzi wa darubini akaamua kutengeneza darubini yake mwenyewe. 00:04:38:07,00:04:42:09,Miezi kumi hivi iliyopita, habari zilivuma kwamba 00:04:42:10,00:04:48:05,M- Fleming ametengeneza kioo cha kijasusi (spy glass) ambacho kingetumika kuchunguza vitu. 00:04:48:06,00:04:52:24,hata vikiwa mbali na macho ya mwangaliaji viliweza 00:04:53:00,00:04:56:03,kuoneka kana kwamba viko karibu 00:04:56:11,00:04:59:11,Galileo alikuwa mwanasayansi mashuhuri wa muda wake. 00:04:59:12,00:05:02:14,Pia alikuwa akiunga mkono na kutetea mtazamo mpya wa kidunia uliokuwa ukiwakilishwa. 00:05:02:15,00:05:06:04,na mwanaastronomia Nicolaus Copernicus (kutoka Polandi) ambaye apendekeza kwamba . 00:05:06:05,00:05:10:11,Dunia inazunguka Jua na sio Jua kuzunguka Dunia.| 00:05:11:12,00:05:14:06,Akiegemeza hoja zake katika aliyoyasikia kushusu darubini ya Kidachi, Galileo 00:05:14:07,00:05:16:14,alitengeneza darubini zake mwenyewe. 00:05:16:15,00:05:19:04,Zilikuwa za hali ya juu zaidi. 00:05:20:12,00:05:25:08,Mwishoni, bila kujali kiasi cha kazi na gharama, nikafanikiwa. 00:05:25:09,00:05:29:20,kujitengenzea darubini ya hali ya juu sana kiasi kwamba. 00:05:29:20,00:05:33:22,vitu vikiangaliwa katika darubini vilionekana karibu mara elfu moja. 00:05:33:23,00:05:38:20,kubwa kuliko vilivyoonekana kwaida kwa macho tu. 00:05:39:16,00:05:43:15,Sasa ulikuwa ni muda wa kuelekeza darubini yake angani. 00:05:45:21,00:05:49:03,Nimeelekea kuwa na maoni na kuamini kuwa sura. 00:05:49:03,00:05:53:12,ya mwezi siyo bapa na si mviringo hasa 00:05:53:17,00:05:57:11,kama kinavyoaminiwa na wanafalsafa wengi 00:05:57:12,00:06:01:17,lakini kina vinundu na ni kacha iliyojaa mashimo na miinuko. 00:06:01:18,00:06:06:06,siyo tofauti na ilivyo hapa Duniani. 00:06:11:14,00:06:15:08,Mandhari yenye mashimo, milima na mabonde. 00:06:15:08,00:06:18:08,Duniya kama ya kwetu! 00:06:19:13,00:06:24:18,Baada ya wiki chache, mnamo Januari 1610, Galileo aliangalia Mshtarii (Shumbula) 00:06:24:18,00:06:28:14,Jirani na sayari hiyo aliona ncha nne za mwanga zilizobadilisha. 00:06:28:16,00:06:32:24,nafasi zake usiku hadi usiku pamoja na Mshtarii 00:06:33:00,00:06:37:22,Ilikuwa kama minenguo ya pole pole ya vimwezi vinavyozunguka sayari hiyo. 00:06:37:22,00:06:40:18,Ncha hizi nne za mawanga zilikujakujulikana kama. 00:06:40:18,00:06:43:14,Miezi ya Galileo ya Mshtarii. 00:06:43:16,00:06:46:06,Je, Galileo aligundua nini zaidi? 00:06:46:06,00:06:48:10,Awamu za Zuhura! 00:06:48:12,00:06:51:22,Kama vile ya mwezi, sura ya Zuhura inaongezeka na kupungua kutoka hilali kwenda. 00:06:51:24,00:06:54:06,mwezi mpevu na kurejea tena kila mwezi. 00:06:54:06,00:06:58:14,Viungo vya ajabu pande mbili ya sayari ya Zohari. 00:06:58:14,00:07:01:04,Madoa meusi katika sura ya Jua. 00:07:01:06,00:07:03:12,Na kama kawaida nyota nyingi. 00:07:03:12,00:07:06:04,Kwa maelfu na hata mamilioni 00:07:06:04,00:07:09:08,kila moja ikiwa imefifia kiasi ambacho haziwezi kuonekana kwa macho pekee. 00:07:09:10,00:07:13:22,Ilikuwa kama kwamba wanadamu ghafla wametupilia mbali upofu wao. 00:07:13:24,00:07:18:00,Ulimwengu wote unasubiriwa kugunduliwa 00:07:23:10,00:07:27:20,Habari za ungunduzi wa darubini zilienea ulaya kama moto pori 00:07:27:20,00:07:32:02,Kutoka Prague, katika enzi ya Mfalme Rudolph II, Johannes Kepler . 00:07:32:04,00:07:34:20,Aliboresha darubini hiyo. 00:07:34:20,00:07:38:20,Huko Antwerp, mchoraji ramani Michael Van Langren alichora. 00:07:38:22,00:07:41:22,ramani za kwanza za kuaminika ya sura ya Mwezi, ikionyesha taswira yake alivyoamini ilivyo 00:07:41:24,00:07:44:10,ikiwa na makotinenti na mabahari 00:07:44:12,00:07:49:16,Na Johannes Hevelius, mfanyabiashara tajiri wa Poland alijenga 00:07:49:16,00:07:53:05,Darubini kubwa katika kituo cha kuangalia nyota iliyopo Danzig 00:07:53:06,00:07:57:21,Kituo hiki kilikuwa kikubwa sana kiasi cha kuenea mapaa ya majengo matatu. 00:07:59:04,00:08:02:06,Lakini vyombo bora zaidi vya wakati huo viliundwa . 00:08:02:07,00:08:05:09,na Christian Huygenes huko Uholanzi 00:08:05:10,00:08:11:02,Mwaka 1655, Huygens aligundua mwezi wa Titan ambao ni mwezi mkubwa kuliko zote katika sayari ya Zohari. 00:08:11:03,00:08:15:04,Baada ya miaka michache aligundua mfumo wa pete za Zohari 00:08:15:04,00:08:20:08,ambazo Galileo hakuweza kuzielewa kabisa. 00:08:20:09,00:08:24:15,Mwisho, Huygens aliona alama nyeusi na mng’aro 00:08:24:16,00:08:27:09,wa barafu katika ncha za kaskazini na kusini mwa sayari ya Meriki. 00:08:27:10,00:08:31:02,Je, kuna uwezekano wa kuwa na maisha katika sayari hii ya mbali na ya kiajinabi? 00:08:31:03,00:08:35:06,Swali hili linawashughulisha na wanaastronomia hadi leo. 00:08:35:20,00:08:39:12,Darubini za kwanza zilikuwa darubini ambazo zilitumia . 00:08:39:13,00:08:42:16, lenzi kwa ajili ya kukusanya pamoja mwanga wa nyota. 00:08:42:17,00:08:45:11,Baadae lenzi hizo zilibadilishwa na zile zakutumia vioo 00:08:45:12,00:08:49:02,Hizi darubini za kuakisi mwanga zilitengenezwa na Niccolo Zucchi 00:08:49:03,00:08:51:25,na baadae kuboreshwa na Isaac Newton 00:08:52:01,00:08:55:18,Sasa, katika karne ya 18 ni moja ya kioo kikubwa kupita vyote Duniani . 00:08:55:19,00:08:59:14,ambavyo vilitengenezwa na William Herschel, mwanamuziki aliyegeuka kuwa mwanaastronomia 00:08:59:15,00:09:02:12,ambaye alifanya kazi na dada yake Caroline 00:09:02:13,00:09:06:05,Nyumbani kwao Bath huko Uingereza wataalamu kakika familia ya Herschel waliweka chuma iliyoyeyushwa 00:09:06:06,00:09:09:21,Katika muundo maalum, na ilipopoa 00:09:09:22,00:09:15:11,walisugua uso wa chuma hadi kun’garisha kiais cha kuakisi mwanga wa nyota. 00:09:15:12,00:09:20:08,katika maisha yake yote Herschel aliunda zaidi ya darubini 400 00:09:24:11,00:09:28:09,Kubwa kuliko zote ilikuwa kubwa sana kiasi kwamba alihitaji wafanyakazi zaidi ya wane 00:09:28:10,00:09:31:14,kuzungusha kamba, magurudumu na nyenzo zote . 00:09:31:15,00:09:36:00,zilizohitajiwa kufuatilia mwendo wa nyota katika anga wakati wa usiku. 00:09:36:01,00:09:39:11,ambao kwa uhakika husababishwa na mzunguko wa dunia. 00:09:39:12,00:09:43:02,Sasa Herschel alikuwa kama mpima ardhi, alizipitia anga na. 00:09:43:03,00:09:46:17,kuorodhesha mamia ya mawingu katika anga za mbali na nyota mapacha. 00:09:46:18,00:09:50:07,Pia aligundua kwamba Njia ya Nyota (the Milky wWy) lazima ni bapa kama sahani 00:09:50:08,00:09:54:03,Na hata alipima mwendo wa mfumo wetu wa sayari na nyota kwa katika hiyo sahani ya Njia ya Nyota 00:09:54:04,00:09:58:20,kwa kuangalia mwendo wa wiano wa nyota na sayari. 00:09:58:21,00:10:06:09,Halafu tarehe 13 Machi, 1781 aligundua sayari mpya - Uranus 00:10:06:10,00:10:10:16,Hii ilikuwa miaka 200 kabla ya kurusha chombo cha anga cha NASA Voyager 2. 00:10:10:17,00:10:15:21,ambacho kiliwawezesha wanaastronomia kuchunguza kwa karibu dunia hiyo iliyo mbali sana na yetu. 00:10:16:18,00:10:21:06,katika nchi nzuri na yenye rtuba katikati ya Ireland, William Parsons. 00:10:21:07,00:10:26:13, mfalme wa tatu wa Rosse, alitengeneza darubini kubwa kuliko zote ya karne ya 19. 00:10:26:14,00:10:30:13,Darubini hii kuwa iliyokuwa na kioo cha chuma yenye ukubwa mkubwa wa mita 1.8 kwa upana, Darubini hiyo. 00:10:30:14,00:10:35:06,ilijulikana kama “The Leviathan of Parsonstown” 00:10:35:07,00:10:39:08,Usiku nadra zizizo na mawingu na mwezi angani, Earl alikaa na darubini 00:10:39:10,00:10:44:10,na kuvinjari anga za mbali katika Ulimwengu wetu. 00:10:45:06,00:10:50:04,Kwenye Wingu la Orion – sasa ijulikanayo kama kizazi cha nyota 00:10:50:06,00:10:55:22,Na kwenda kwenye maajabu ya Wingu la Kaa, mabaki ya mlipuko wa nyota (Supernova) 00:10:55:23,00:10:57:22,Na Wingu la Mzunguko? 00:10:57:23,00:11:02:13,Lord Rosse alikuwa wa kwanza kutambua umbo hilo. 00:11:02:14,00:11:08:10,Glaxi kama ya kwetu yenye mawingu na vumbi jeusi na gesi inayo ng’aa 00:11:08:11,00:11:12:10,mabilioni ya nyota na huwezi kujua – 00:11:12:11,00:11:16:13,sayari kama yetu ya Dunia. 00:11:18:21,00:11:24:22,Darubini imekuwa ni chombo chetu cha kuvumbua Ulimwengu wetu.