De ELT zal de astronomie op een hoger plan brengen. Dankzij een diameter van 39 meter en de ingebouwde adaptieve optiek zal de ELT tot vele doorbraken leiden.
De ELT zal onder meer worden ingezet bij de jacht op exoplaneten – planeten die om andere sterren draaien. Door metingen van de schommelbewegingen van sterren die door de om hen heen draaiende planeten worden veroorzaakt, zullen mogelijk werelden worden ontdekt met dezelfde massa als de aarde. Maar ook kunnen van grotere planeten rechtstreekse opnamen worden gemaakt, waarbij mogelijk zelfs de kenmerken van hun atmosferen worden vastgesteld.
Het instrumentarium van de ELT zal astronomen bovendien in staat stellen om de vroegste stadia van het ontstaan van planetenstelsels te onderzoeken, en water en organische moleculen te detecteren in de protoplanetaire schijven rond jonge sterren. Op die manier zal de ELT de antwoorden vinden op fundamentele vragen omtrent de vorming en ontwikkeling van planeten. En daarmee komen we een stapje dichter bij het antwoord op de vraag 'Zijn wij alleen?'. Afgezien van het voor de hand liggende wetenschappelijke belang daarvan, zou dat een grote doorbraak betekenen voor de mensheid.
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De ELT zal onder meer worden ingezet bij de jacht op exoplaneten – planeten die om andere sterren draaien. Door metingen van de schommelbewegingen van sterren die door de om hen heen draaiende planeten worden veroorzaakt, zullen mogelijk werelden worden ontdekt met dezelfde massa als de aarde. Maar ook kunnen van grotere planeten rechtstreekse opnamen worden gemaakt, waarbij mogelijk zelfs de kenmerken van hun atmosferen worden vastgesteld.